The final exam is scheduled for 9:00 a.m. on Wednesday, Dec. 15.

You will have access to your books and notes.

You will use the exam time (9:00-11:00 a.m.) to write an answer to one of the following questions.

You will be instructed which to answer at the start of the exam.

1. Compare and contrast Locke with Wittgenstein and Austin by focusing on the following idea. For Locke, meaning is located in individual words, and in internal, private mental states associated with those words. For Wittgenstein and Austin, meaning is located in neither. Which position do you find more satisfactory, and why?

2. Consider the sentence, "Zombies do not exist." How is this sentence meaningful on Locke's account of language? What problem does Russell identify regarding such sentences? How is this sentence meaningful on Austin's account of language?

3. Using original examples, explain Austin's core distinction between illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. How does this distinction challenge the common view that meaning is best understood by assuming that language is essentially descriptive? (In answering, review at least one of the major reasons given by Austin to blur any sharp distinction between constative and performative language.)