Results of Physical and Chemical Properties = Ocean Structure

• Oceans are not homogeneous in their physical properties and structure:

=> oceans are layered (stratified) because of

1) salinity , 2) temperature, and 3) density

- distinct water masses

Salinity Stratification

• varies with depth -> oceans are salinity stratified *halocline

• Salinity in deep ocean = very stable

Temperature

• surface water is heated by the sun

- Where is the temperature highest and why?

Temperature

• temperature decreases with depth -> oceans are temperature stratified

*thermocline

• Seasonal fluctuations

Density

warm, less saline water is less dense than cold more saline water = density stratification......

* pycnocline

Atlantic Stratification

• Surface water, intermediate water, bottom water

Pacific Stratification

• Surface water, intermediate water, bottom water

Oceans = Biogeochemical systems

• Chemical and biological cycles and ocean structure