Lophophorates
• Coelomates - triploblastic
• 3 phyla - bryozoans, brachiopods, and phoronids
• The Lophophore - ciliated coelomic extension - suspension feeding
• Phoronid (worm) ancestor
Bryozoans
• Generaities
• Moss animals......ectoprocts
• FW and marine (most fossil = marine)
• entirely colonial
• individuals small (< 1mm in diameter)
Bryozoans
• Zooid morphology
• lophophore, collar, mouth, anus, U-shaped gut, retractor and transverse
muscles, stolon.
• zooid can have skeleton -> calcareous
– zooecium = individual skeleton
– zoarium = colonial skeleton
• * 1st individual = anscestrula
Bryozoans
• Feeding
• active suspension feeders (generate currents)
• cilia on lophophore
• * phytoplankton and OM.......
Bryozoans
• Polymorphism (i.e. specialized individuals an in cnidarians)
– well developed in cheilostomes........
– autozooids and gonozooids......
– avicularia (protection), vibracula (cleaning)
• Trepostomes -> auto and mesozooecium, and acanthostyles
Bryozoans
• Colonial morphology
• 1. massive
• 2. gum - drop.......free lying
• 3. twig - like ......…erect
• 4. encrusting .............................most common extant form while
free lying gone..why???????
• E. Taxonomy => confusing