| Chapter 10 |
|
| Amnesia
|
a memory disorder, usually caused by
some injury to the brain, characterized by either total
or partial memory loss |
|
Autobiographical memory |
memory for one's own life |
|
Brown-Peterson technique |
a way of studying short-term memory
that involves first presenting a to-be-remembered item
and then presenting material that limits rehearsal for a
retention interval prior to a retention test |
| Categorized
list |
words used in memory experiments that
are related by being members of the same category; for
example, articles of furniture: chair, bed, sofa, table
|
| Ceiling
effect |
see Scale attenuation effects
|
| Crossover
interaction |
the reversal of the effect of one
independent variable on a dependent variable at a
certain level of a second independent variable
|
| Episodic
memory |
memories that are autobiographical
and personally dated
|
| Explicit
memory test |
a memory test that requires a person
to try consciously to remember specific events |
| Factorial
design |
an experimental design in which each
level of every independent variable occurs with all
levels of the other independent variables |
| Flashbulb
memory |
one's vivid memory for hearing the
news of a surprising event
|
| Floor effect
|
see Scale attenuation effects
|
|
Forced-choice recognition test |
a test in which the participant must
select between two or more statements; often used to
control response styles |
| Free recall
|
test in which subjects retrieve
to-be-remembered items without the aid of external
retrieval cues; they can recall in any order so recall
is free in that sense |
| Generality
of results |
the issue of whether a particular
experimental result will be obtained under different
circumstances, such as with a different subject
population or in a different experimental setting |
| Graphemic
|
the letter level of perceptual
analysis |
| Higher-order
interaction |
interaction effects involving more
than two independent variables in multifactor
experiments |
| Implicit
memory test |
a "memory" test that does not require
a person to explicitly remember specific experiences but
that spontaneously exhibits the effects of those
experiences |
| Interaction
|
an experimental result that occurs
when the levels of one independent variable are
differentially affected by the levels of other
independent variables |
| Interpolated
task |
a task used to fill the interval
between the study of material and its recall in memory
experiments |
| Levels of
processing |
a framework for studying memory that
predicts that semantic or "deeper" encoding tasks will
produce better memory for the material than perceptual
or "shallow" encoding tasks |
| Long-term
memory |
retrieval of memories that have
disappeared from consciousness after their initial
perception |
| Main effect
|
the condition in which the effect of
one independent variable is the same at all levels of
another independent variable |
| Modality
effects |
different effects on retention often
produced by visual and auditory presentation; auditory
presentation usually produces better memory for the last
few items in a series than does visual presentation
|
| Nonsense
syllables |
for example,
consonant-vowel-consonant trigams (e.g., YUN) that do
not have meaning in the English language |
|
Paired-associate recall |
a memory task in which a pair of
words is given (for example, mongoose–elephant); later
the first word is provided and the task is to recall the
second word |
| Phonemic
(phonological) |
the sound level of the perceptual
analysis of words |
| Primacy
effect |
the better retention of information
occurring at the beginning of a list, relative to
information in the middle |
| Priming
|
facilitation of a response because of
a previous experience; e.g., prior presentation of a
word speeds later reading of the same word
|
| Proactive
interference |
forgetting that is produced by prior
learning |
| Recall |
a measure of retention in which
reproduction of material is required |
| Recency
effect |
the better retention of information
at the end of a list, relative to information in the
middle |
| Recognition
|
a measure of retention in which
familiarity of information is judged |
| Retrieval
cue |
information presented at the time of
a memory test to aid recall |
| Retroactive
interference |
the forgetting of material produced
by learning of subsequent material |
| Savings
method |
Memory can be measured as a reduction
(savings) in the number of trials needed to relearn
previously studied material |
| Savings
score |
the difference between the number of
trials in original learning (OL) of a list and its
relearning (RL) divided by the number of trials in
original learning, with this ratio multiplied by 100
|
|
Scale-attenuation effects |
difficulties in interpreting results
when performance on the dependent variable is either
nearly perfect (a ceiling effect) or nearly lacking
altogether (a floor effect) |
| Semantic
|
meaningful analysis of words |
| Serial
position |
the order in which information
appears when studied for a later memory test |
| Serial
position curve |
the graphical representation of
retention as a function of the input position of the
information; usually, memory is better for the first
items (primacy effect) and the last items (recency
effect) than for those in the middle; this typical
finding is referred to as the serial position effect
|
| Serial
recall |
a memory test in which subjects try
to recall material in the exact order in which it was
presented; recalling a telephone number exemplifies a
serial recall task |
| Short-term
memory |
recovery of information shortly after
it has been perceived and before it has left conscious
awareness |
| Tetrahedral
model of memory |
Jenkins's four-part analysis of
memory experiments into type of subjects, orienting
tasks, type of test, and type of materials |
| Transfer
appropriate processing |
the principle that whether encoding
activities promote memory will depend on the type of
test used to assess memory performance |
| Trials to
criterion |
the number of study and test trials
needed to recall material perfectly |
|
Word-fragment completion task |
an implicit memory test in which the
subject has to fill in the missing letters of a
fragmented word |
| Yes/no
recognition test |
a memory test on which subjects
decide whether each item was studied or not (by saying
yes it was or no it was not)
|
