Non-Scientific (everyday)

Scientific

General Approach

intuitive

empirical

Observation

casual, uncontrolled

systematic, controlled

Reporting

biased, subjective

unbiased, objective

Concepts

ambiguous, surplus meaning

clear definitions, operational specificity

Instruments

inaccurate, imprecise

accurate, precise

Measurement

not valid or reliable

valid and reliable

Hypotheses

untestable

testable (must be!)

Attitude

uncritical, accepting

critical, skeptical