ANTH 110/Spring 2014
Exam 2 Review sheet
Dr. Roberts

Exam 2 will cover Chapters 6, 8, and 9, in Gezon & Kottak's text. Just as with the first exam the format for the exam will be multiple choice, true-false, and maybe a few matching.

Making a Living

  1. Know what distinguishes an adaptive strategy, and identify the five adaptive strategies in Yehudi Cohen's typology of societies. How does Cohen link economy and social features?
  2. Understand what foraging, horticulture, and agriculture entail, and know the predominant social features often correlated with these adaptive strategies in Cohen's typology and in particular ethnographic studies. Be familiar with the features of agriculture that distinguish it from horticulture.
  3. Know what pastoralism entails, be able to distinguish between pastoral nomadism and transhumance, and be able to discuss the social features typically found in pastoral societies.
  4. Consider how contemporary foragers, horticulturalists, agriculturalists, and pastoralists live in nation-states and potentially engage in different adaptive strategies or forms of labor.
  5. Distinguish between the modes and means of production, and understand how industrialism can lead to the alienation of a worker from the product of his or her labor.
  6. Know the subject matter of economic anthropology. In particular, be able to discuss how anthropologists and anthropological studies respond to classic economic theories that posit the profit motive as universal.
  7. Know the different forms of distribution and exchange. In particular, be able to distinguish among the market principle, redistribution, and the various forms of reciprocity.
  8. Be familiar with the potlatch. Specifically, know what it is, where it is found, how it has changed through time, and how it fosters social relationships and alliances both locally and regionally. From Gezon and Kottak's discussion, what arguments have anthropologists made for the significance of the potlatch

Video: Monoculture vs. polyculture; Multicropping in India ; Fulani people of Mali

Gender

  1. Be able to distinguish between sex and gender, and consider in particular how gender may be culturally constructed. In addition, know the difference between gender roles and gender stereotypes.
  2. Consider the relationship of gender relations and economy among foragers, horticulturalists, agriculturalists, and industrialists. How do these economies tend to influence gender relations? What ethnographic evidence, presented by Gezon and Kottak, complicates a simple relationship between economic form and gender relations?
  3. Understand what the domestic-public dichotomy is and how it relates to differential gender status. In addition, be familiar with the patrilineal-patrilocal complex and how it contributes to gender stratification.
  4. Be familiar with how and why poverty in industrialized states is increasingly concentrated in female-headed households.
  5. Consider the relationship between patriarchy and domestic violence.
  6. Understand how sexuality and gender vary cross-culturally. As one particular example, consider sexual beliefs and practices among the Etoro men as described in the late 1960s. Know the significance of homosexual intercourse in Etoro society, as well as Etoro men's beliefs regarding heterosexual intercourse. What does this case study tell us about human sexuality?

Video: Men in Nursing; Mother right: equalitarian societies  

Families, Kinship, and Marriage

  1. Understand what it means for much of kinship to be culturally constructed.
  2. Know the difference between nuclear and extended families. In addition, be able to distinguish between a family of orientation and a family of procreation.
  3. Understand how industrialism has affected family organization. In particular, be familiar with recent changes in North American kinship.
  4. Be familiar with typical patterns of family organization among foragers.
  5. Know what descent groups are, and be familiar with the different kinds of descent and post marital residence rules. In addition, know the difference between clans and lineages.
  6. Be able to distinguish between incest, exogamy, and endogamy.
  7. Know the six things that marriage can, but does not always, accomplish. In addition, understand how these factors are relevant to the consideration of same-sex marriage.
  8. Understand how marriage functions as a form of group alliance, and the role that bride wealth and dowries play in creating and maintaining such alliances. In addition, be able to distinguish between sororate and levirate marriages.
  9. Know how divorce varies across cultures. In particular, be familiar with the factors that affect rates of divorce.
  10. Be able to distinguish between the different kinds of plural marriages and the conditions that favor each.

Videos: Dadi's Family (preview); Maasai views on marriage; Maasai attitudes about love; Fraternal polyandry: brothers share a wife;  Maasai Women (6 minute YouTube clip)