Canadian Historical Society-Societe Historique du Canada

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The François-Xavier Garneau Medal, awarded every five years, is the most prestigious of the CHA prizes. It honours an outstanding Canadian contribution to historical research.

2015     Wife to widow : lives, laws, and politics in nineteenth-century Montreal by Bettina Bradbury
2010     The great land rush and the making of the modern world by John C. Weaver
2005
     The confusions of pleasure : commerce and culture in Ming China by Timothy Brook

2000
    
Quelques arpents d'Amérique : population, économie, famille au Saguenay, 1838-1971 by Gérard Bouchard; honourable mention: Death so noble : memory, meaning, and the First World War by Jonathan Vance; Working families : age, gender, and daily survival in industrializing Montreal by Bettina Bradbury
1995     The gender of breadwinners : women, men, and change in two industrial towns, 1880-1950 by Joy Parr; honourable mention: Rites of spring : the Great War and the birth of the Modern Age by Modris Eksteins; Space and revolution : projects for monuments, squares and public buildings in France, 1789-1799 by James A. Leith
1990    
Crime and the courts in England, 1660-1800 by John M. Beattie; honourable mention: Economic growth and the ending of the transatlantic slave trade by David Eltis; Peasant, lord and merchant : rural society in three Quebec parishes, 1740-1840 by Allan Greer
1985     A Canadian millionaire : the life and business times of Sir Joseph Flavelle by Michael Bliss
1980     Habitants et marchands de Montréal au XVIIe siècle by Louise Dechêne (English translation)


The Sir John A. Macdonald Prize is awarded annually to the best book in Canadian history.

2017     Imperial plots : women, land, and the spadework of British colonialism on the Canadian Prairies by Sarah Carter
2016     Why did we choose to industrialize? : Montreal, 1819-1849 by Robert C. H. Sweeny
2015     French Canadians, furs, and indigenous women in the making of the Pacific Northwest by Jean Barman
2014     Clearing the Plains : disease, politics of starvation, and the loss of Aboriginal life by James Daschuk
2013     The colonization of Mi’kmaw memory and history, 1794-1928 : the King v. Gabriel Sylliboy by William C. Wicken; Hunger, horses, and government men : criminal law on the aboriginal Plains, 1870-1905 by Shelley A. M. Gavigan (honourable mention); Secret service : political policing in Canada from the Fenians to Fortress America by Reg Whitaker, Gregory S. Kealey, and Andrew Parnaby (honourable mention)

2012     The Codex Canadensis and the writings of Louis Nicolas, edited by François-Marc Gagnon with Nancy Senior and Réal Ouellet; Retail nation : department stores and the making of modern Canada by Donica Belisle (honourable mention); Peopling the North American city : Montreal 1840-1900 by Sherry Olson and Patricia A. Thornton (honourable mention)
2011     Le concept de liberté au Canada à l’époque des Révolutions atlantiques (1776-1838) by Michel Ducharme; The empire within : postcolonial thought and political activism in sixties Montreal by Sean Mills (honourable mention); Transforming labour : women and work in post-war Canada by Joan Sangster (honourable mention)
2010     Backwoods consumers and homespun capitalists : the rise of a market culture in eastern Canada by Béatrice Craig; Respectable citizens : gender, family, and unemployment in Ontario's Great Depression by Lara Campbell (honourable mention); The ironies of identity in a rebellious era : Canada's 1960s by Bryan D. Palmer (honourable mention)
2009     Reasoning otherwise : leftists and the people's enlightenment in Canada, 1890-1920 by Ian McKay; A silent revolution? : gender and wealth in English Canada, 1860-1930 by Peter Baskerville (honourable mention); Le peuple, l'État et la guerre au Canada sous le Régime français by Louise Dechêne (honourable mention)
2008     Gatekeepers : reshaping immigrant lives in Cold War Canada by Franca Iacovetta; Alliance and illusion : Canada and the world, 1945-1984 by Robert Bothwell (honourable mention); The dominion of youth : adolescence and the making of a modern Canada, 1920-50 by Cynthia Comacchio (honourable mention)

2007     States of nature : conserving Canada's wildlife in the twentieth century by Tina Loo
2006     The Catholic origins of Quebec's quiet revolution, 1931-1970 by Michael Gauvreau

2005     Croire et faire croire. Les missions françaises au XVIIe siécle (1600-1650) by Dominique Deslandres; Fish into wine : the Newfoundland plantation in the seventeenth century by Peter Pope (honourable mention)
2004     The rule of the admirals : law, custom and naval government in Newfoundland, 1699-1832 by Jerry Bannister; Marriage of minds : Isabel and Oscar Skelton reinventing Canada by Terry Crowley (honourable mention); At odds : gambling and Canadians, 1919-1969 by Suzanne Morton (honourable mention)

2003     Making native space : colonialism, resistance, and reserves in British Columbia by Cole Harris; Heroines and history : representations of Madeleine de Verchères and Laura Secord by Colin Coates and Cecilia Morgan (honourable mention)
2002     The politics of population : state formation, statistics, and the Census of Canada, 1840-1875 by Bruce Curtis; Renegade lawyer : the life of J. L. Cohen by Laurel Sefton MacDowell (honourable mention);
Natural selections : national parks in Atlantic Canada, 1935-1970 by Alan MacEachern (honourable mention)
2001     Engendering the state : family, work, and welfare in Canada by Nancy Christie; Citizens and nations : an essay on history, communications, and Canada by Gerald Friesen (honourable mention); Histoire sociale des idées au Québec, volume 1 : 1760-1896 by Yvan Lamonde (honourable mention)
2000     The art of nation-building : pageantry and spectacle at Quebec's Tercentenary by H.V. Nelles; Pièges de la mémoire : Dollard des Ormeaux, les Amérindiens et nous by Patrice Groulx (honourable mention); William Osler : a life in medicine by Michael Bliss (honourable mention)
1999     Colonizing bodies : aboriginal health and healing in British Columbia, 1900-1950 by Mary-Ellen Kelm; The science of war : Canadian scientists and allied military technology during the Second World War by Donald H. Avery (honourable mention); Aux origines de l'État-providence by Dominique Marshall (honourable mention)
1998    
Death so noble : memory, meaning, and the First World War by Jonathan Vance; Traders' tales : narratives of cultural encounters in the Columbia Plateau, 1807-1846 by Elizabeth Vibert (special mention); "Race," rights and the law in the Supreme Court of Canada : historical case studies by James W. St. G. Walker (special mention)
1997     Quelques arpents d'Amérique : population, économie, famille au Saguenay, 1838-1971 by Gérard Bouchard; The struggle for Canadian sport by Bruce Kidd (special mention); Shingwauk's vision : a history of native residential schools by J. R. Miller (special mention)
1996    
Canada dry : temperance crusades before Confederation by Jan Noel; La Sidérurgie dans le monde rural : les hauts fourneaux du Québec au XIXe siècle by René Hardy (special mention); Northern sandlots : a social history of Maritime Baseball by Colin D. Howell (special mention); Wild things : nature, culture, and tourism in Ontario, 1790-1914 by Patricia Jasen (special mention)
1995     A history of Canadian architecture by Harold Kalman; The quest of the folk : antimodernism and cultural selection in twentieth-century Nova Scotia by Ian McKay (special mention)
1994     Working families : age, gender and daily survival in industrializing Montreal by Bettina Bradbury
1993    
Canada's first nations : a history of founding peoples from earliest times by Olive Patricia Dickason; Sweatshop strife : class, ethnicity, and gender in the Jewish labour movement of Toronto, 1900-1939 by Ruth A. Frager (special mention); Such hardworking people : Italian immigrants in postwar Toronto by Franca Iacovetta (special mention); Orphelines en France pionnières au Canada: les Filles du roi au XVIIe siècle by Yves Landry (special mention)
1992     Life lived like a story : life stories of three Yukon native elders  by Julie Cruikshank in collaboration with Angela Sidney, Kitty Smith, and Annie Ned; The Ojibwa of southern Ontario by Peter S. Schmalz (special mention); The Evangelical century : college and creed in English Canada from the Great Revival to the Great Depression by Michael Gauvreau (special mention); The nature of their bodies : women and their doctors in Victorian Canada by Wendy Mitchinson (special mention)
1991     The gender of breadwinners : women, men and change in two industrial towns, 1880-1950 by
Joy Parr; Maritime capital : the shipping industry in Atlantic Canada, 1820-1914 by Eric W. Sager with Gerald E. Panting (special mention)
1990    
Shadow of heaven : the life of Lester Pearson by John English; Seafaring labour : the merchant marine of Atlantic Canada, 1820-1914 by Eric W. Sager (special mention); Two worlds : the Protestant culture of nineteenth-century Ontario by William Westfall (special mention)
1989
     The new day recalled : lives of girls and women in English Canada, 1919-1939 by Veronica Strong-Boag; Newfoundland in the North Atlantic world, 1929-1949 by Peter Neary (special mention); Irish migrants in the Canadas : a new approach by Bruce S. Elliott (special mention); Working in steel : the early years in Canada, 1883-1935 by Craig Heron (special mention)
1988     Historical atlas of Canada, volume 1 : from the beginning to 1800 edited by R. Cole Harris with G.J. Matthews as cartographer; Bushworkers and bosses : logging in northern Ontario, 1900-1980 by Ian Radforth (special mention); Inventing Canada : early Victorian science and the idea of a transcontinental nation by Suzanne Zeller (special mention)
1987     Monopoly's moment : the organization and regulation of Canadian utilities, 1830-1930 by Christopher Armstrong and H.V. Nelles; George Nowlan by Margaret Conrad (special mention); They're still women after all : the Second World War and Canadian womanhood by Ruth Roach Pierson (special mention); The government generation : Canadian intellectuals and the state, 1900-1945 by Doug Owram (special mention)
1986     Peasant, lord, and merchant : rural society in three Quebec parishes, 1740-1840 by Allan Greer; Saint John : the making of a colonial urban community by T.W. Acheson (special mention); Natives and newcomers : Canada's "Heroic Age" reconsidered by Bruce G. Trigger (special mention)
1985     The Canadian prairies : a history by Gerald Friesen
1984     Histoire de la Nouvelle-France, volume 3 : La Seigneurie des Cent-Associés, 1627-1663, tome 2 : La Société by Marcel Trudel
1983     None is too many : Canada and the Jews of Europe, 1933-1948 by Irving Abella and Harold Troper
1982     Maisonneuve : Comment des promoteurs fabriquent une ville, 1883-1918 by Paul-André Linteau
1981    
Toronto workers respond to industrial capitalism, 1867-1892 by Gregory Kealey
1980    
Emily Carr : a biography by Maria Tippett; A disciplined intelligence : critical inquiry and Canadian thought in the Victorian era by A. B. McKillop (special mention); A culture in conflict : skilled workers and industrial capitalism in Hamilton, 1860-1914 by Bryan Palmer (special mention); Micmacs and colonists : Indian-White relations in the Maritimes, 1713-1867 by L. S. F. Upton (special mention)
1979
     Stefansson and the Canadian Arctic by Richard J. Diubaldo; Dugard of Rouen : French trade to Canada and the West Indies, 1729-1770 by Dale Miquelon (special mention); The heritage of Upper Canadian furniture by Howard Pain
1978    
Contact and conflict : Indian-European relations in British Columbia, 1774-1890 by Robin Fisher; The decline of politics : the Conservatives and the party system, 1901-20 by John English (special mention); Reformers, rebels, and revolutionaries : the Western Canadian radical movement, 1899-1919 by A. Ross McCormack (special mention); G. Howard Ferguson : Ontario Tory by Peter Oliver
1977     Le Bas-Canada, 1791-1840 : changements structuraux et crise by Fernand Ouellet; The writing of Canadian history : aspects of English-Canadian historical writing, 1900-1970 by Carl Berger
(special mention); The enemy that never was : a history of the Japanese Canadians by Ken Adachi (special mention); The Canadian Northern Railway : pioneer road of the northern prairies 1895-1918 by T.D. Regehr (special mention)

The Wallace K. Ferguson Prize is awarded annually to the best book in history other than Canadian.

2017     Reproduction and its discontents in Mexico : childbirth and contraception from 1750 to 1905 by Nora E. Jaffary
2016     Selling Paris : property and commercial culture in the fin-de-siècle capital by Alexia M. Yates
2015
     States of obligation : taxes and citizenship in the Russian Empire and early Soviet Republic by Yanni Kotsonis
2014     On historical distance by Mark Salber Phillips
2013     The Mauthausen trial : American military justice in Germany by Tomaz Jardim
2012     Sacred violence : African Christians and sectarian hatred in the age of Augustine by Brent D. Shaw
2011     Orientalism in Louis XIV's France by Nicholas Dew
2010     Salvation and globalization in the early Jesuit missions by Luke Clossey; The fluid envelope of our planet : how the study of ocean currents became a science by Eric Mills (honourable mention)
2009     Death by a thousand cuts by Timothy Brooks, Jérôme Bourgon, and Gregory Blue; The precious raft of history : the past, the West, and the woman question in China by Joan Judge (honourable mention); Women in British Imperial airspace, 1922-1937 by Liz Millward (honourable mention)
2008     James P. Cannon and the origins of the American revolutionary left, 1890-1928 by Bryan D. Palmer; Some family : the Mormons and how humanity keeps track of itself by Donald Harman Akenson (honourable mention); Le promeneur à Paris au XVIIIe siècle by Laurent Turcot (honourable mention)
2007    
Trickster travels : a sixteenth-century Muslim between worlds by Natalie Zemon Davis
2006     The social life of coffee : the emergence of the British coffeehouse by Brian Cowan

2005     In search of empire : the French in the Americas, 1670-1730 by James Pritchard; Croire et faire croire. Les missions françaises au XVIIe siècle (1600-1650) by Dominique Deslandres
(honourable mention); From fascism to democracy : culture and politics in the Italian election of 1948 by Robert Ventresca (honourable mention)
2004     The great land rush and the making of the modern world, 1650-1900 by John C. Weaver; Facing the Second World War : strategy, politics and economics in Britain and France, 1938-1940 by Talbot C. Imlay
(honourable mention); Anti-Italianism in sixteenth-century France by Henry Heller (honourable mention)
2003     Blood ground : colonialism, missions, and the contest for Christianity in the Cape Colony and Britain, 1799-1853 by Elizabeth Elbourne; A merciful end : the Euthanasia movement in modern America by Ian Dowbiggin (honourable mention); Obedient heretics : Mennonite identities in Lutheran Hamburg and Altona during the confessional age by M. D. Driedger (honourable mention)
2002    
At the dawn of modernity : biology, culture, and material life in Europe after the year 1000 by David Levine; Divine feminine : theosophy and feminism in England by Joy Dixon (honourable mention); A social history of the cloister : daily life in the teaching monasteries of the Old Regime by Elizabeth Rapley (honourable mention)
2001     Jacob Burckhardt and the crisis of modernity by John R. Hinde; The Catholic Church in Spain, 1875-1998 by William J. Callahan (honourable mention); Classroom and empire : the politics of schooling Russia's eastern nationalities, 1860-1917 by Wayne Dowler (honourable mention)
2000    
William Osler : a life in medicine by Michael Bliss; "Vérité garde le roy" : la construction d'une identité universitaire en France (XIIIe-XVe siècle) by Serge Lusignan (honourable mention); God's assassins : state terrorism in Argentina in the 1970s by Patricia Marchak ; in collaboration with William Marchak (honourable mention)
1999     Crowds, culture and politics in Georgian Britain by Nicholas Rogers; Drawn from life : science and art in the portrayal of the New World by Victoria Dickenson (honourable mention); Le notaire, la famille et la ville (Aix-en-Provence à la fin du XVIe siècle) by Claire Dolan (honourable mention)
1998    
The twisted muse : musicians and their music in the Third Reich by Michael H. Kater; Weapons and warfare in Renaissance Europe : gunpowder, technology, and tactics by Bert S. Hall (honourable mention); Traders' tales : narratives of cultural encounters in the Columbia Plateau, 1807-1846 by Elizabeth Vibert (honourable mention)
1997     Champions of charity : war and the rise of the Red Cross by John F. Hutchinson; Divergent paths : how culture and institutions have shaped North American growth by Marc Egnal (honourable mention); Peasant rebels under Stalin : collectivization and the culture of peasant resistance by Lynne Viola (honourable mention)
1996     Lives of the bigamists : marriage, family, and community in colonial Mexico by Richard Boyer; Citizen Sherman : a life of William Tecumseh Sherman by Michael Fellman (honourable mention); Building the railways of the Raj, 1850-1900 by Ian J. Kerr (honourable mention);  (honourable mention); Policing gender, class and family : Britain 1850-1940
by Linda Mahood (honourable mention)
1995     Law and English railway capitalism, 1825-1875 by R. W. Kostal; Farmers and fishermen : two centuries of work in Essex County, Massachusetts, 1630-1850 by Daniel Vickers (honourable mention)
1994    
Slow death for slavery : the course of abolition in Northern Nigeria, 1897-1936 by Paul E. Lovejoy, Jan S. Hogendorn
1993     A measure of wealth : the English land tax in historical analysis by Donald E. Ginter; God's peoples : covenant and land in South Africa, Israel, and Ulster by Donald Harman Akenson (honourable mention)
1992     Power and pleasure : Louis Barthou and the Third French Republic by Robert J. Young; Space and revolution : projects for monuments, squares, and public buildings in France 1789-1799 by James A. Leith (honourable mention); The making of an industrial society : Whickham, 1560-1765 by David Levine and Keith Wrightson (honourable mention)
1991    
The Dévotes : women and church in seventeenth-century France by Elizabeth Rapley; Betrayals : Fort William Henry and the massacre by Ian K. Steele (honourable mention)
1990     Rites of spring : the Great War and the birth of the Modern Age by Modris Eksteins
1989    
Conspicuous production : automobiles and elites in Detroit, 1899-1933 by Donald Finlay Davis
1988     The Holocaust in history by Michael R. Marrus
1987     Crime and the courts in England, 1660-1800 by J. M. Beattie
1986     Church, politics, and society in Spain, 1750-1874 by William J. Callahan
1984     Vannes and its regions : a study of town and country in eighteenth-century France by T. LeGoff
1982    
Urban society in an age of war : Nordlingen, 1580-1720 by Christopher R. Friedrichs
1980    
The iron barons : a social analysis of an American urban elite, 1874-1965 by John N. Ingham; The fall of the royal government in Mexico City by Timothy E. Anna (honourable mention); The diplomacy of modernization : Colombian-American relations, 1920-1940 by Stephen J. Randall (honourable mention)

The Albert B. Corey Prize is awarded every other year jointly with the American Historical Association to the best book in Canadian-American history.

2016     The people's network : the political economy of the telephone in the Gilded Age by Robert MacDougall
2014     The nature of borders : salmon, boundaries, and bandits on the Salish Sea by Lissa Waderwitz
2012     The traffic in babies : cross-border adoption and baby-selling between the United States and Canada, 1930-1973 by Karen A. Balcom; Brokering belonging : Chinese in Canada's exclusion era, 1885-1945 by Lisa Mar (honourable mention); Quebec hydropolitics : the Peribonka concessions of the Second World War by David Massell (honourable mention)
2010     The texture of contact : European and Indian settler communities on the frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667-1783 by David L. Preston
2008     Crossing the border : a free Black community in Canada by Sharon A. Roger Hepburn
2006     Permeable border : the Great Lakes Basin as transnational region, 1650-1990 by John J. Bukowczyk, Nora Faires, David R. Smith, and Randy William Widdis
2004     Industrial sunset : the making of North America's rust belt, 1969-1984 by Stephen High
2002     A good and wise measure : the search for the Canadian-American boundary, 1783-1842 by Francis M. Carroll
2000    
The second greatest disappointment : honeymooners, heterosexuality, and the tourist industry at Niagara Falls by Karen Dubinsky
1998    
Traders' tales : narratives of cultural encounters in the Columbia Plateau, 1807-1846 by Elizabeth Vibert
1996    
The siege of Fort Cumberland, 1776 : an episode in the American Revolution by Ernest Clarke
1994    
Family, church, and market : a Mennonite community in the Old and the New Worlds, 1850-1930 by Royden K. Loewen
1992     The middle ground : Indians, empires, and republics in the Great Lakes region, 1650-1815 by Richard White; On the move : French Canadian and Italian migrants in the North Atlantic economy, 1860-1914 by Bruno Ramirez (honourable mention); Housing the North American city by Michael Doucet and John Weaver (honourable mention)
1990    
United States expansionism and British North America, 1775-1871 by Reginald C. Stuart
1988     The lion, the eagle, and Upper Canada : a developing colonial ideology by Jane Errington
1986     The invasion within : the contest of cultures in Colonial North America by James Axtell
1984     In defence of Canada, volume 5 : Indochina : roots of complicity by James Eayrs; Dreaming of what might be : the Knights of Labor in Ontario, 1880-1900 by Gregory S. Kealey and Bryan D. Palmer
1982    
L'image des États-Unis dans la littérature québécoise 1775-1930 by Guildo Rousseau
1980    
C. D. Howe, a biography by Robert Bothwell and William Kilbourn
1978     The people of Hamilton, Canada West : family and class in a mid-nineteenth-century city by Michael B. Katz
1976    
Gompers in Canada : a study in American continentalism before the First World War by Robert H. Babcock
1974     Mike; the memoirs of the Right Honourable Lester B. Pearson

The Clio Prize, given for meritorious publications or for exceptional contributions by individuals or organizations to regional history. Listed below are the prizes awarded to publications about the Prairie Provinces.

2017     Imperial plots : women, land, and the spadework of British colonialism on the Canadian Prairies by Sarah Carter
2016     Metis and the medicine line : creating a border and dividing a people by Michel Hogue
2015     Climber's paradise : making Canada's mountain parks, 1906-1974 by PearlAnn Reichwein
2014     Clearing the Plains : disease, politics of starvation, and the loss of Aboriginal life by James W. Daschuk
2013     Hunger, horses, and government men : criminal law on the aboriginal Plains, 1870-1905 by Shelley A. M. Gavigan
2012     Wet prairie : people, land and water in agricultural Manitoba by Shannon Stunden Bower
2011     One of the family : Metis culture in nineteenth-century Northwestern Saskatchewan by Brenda Macdougall
2010     Immigrants in Prairie cities : ethnic diversity in twentieth-century Canada by Royden Loewen and Gerald Friesen
2009     The importance of being monogamous : marriage and nation building in Western Canada to 1915 by Sarah Carter
2008     Influenza 1918 : disease, death, and struggle in Winnipeg by Esyllt W. Jones
2007     Living with strangers : the nineteenth-century Sioux and the Canadian-American borderlands by David McCrady
2006     Saskatchewan : a new history by Bill Waiser
2005     The Bar U and Canadian ranching history by Simon Evans
2004     Archbishop A.-A. Taché of St. Boniface : the good fight and the illusive vision by Raymond J. A. Huel
2003     Common and contested ground : a human and environmental history of the northwestern plains by Theodore Binnema
2002     Medicine that walks : disease, medicine, and Canadian Plains native people, 1880-1940 by Maureen K. Lux
2001     Alberta's North : a history, 1890-1950 by Donald G. Wetherell and Irene R.A. Kmet
2000     Once upon an Oldman : special interest politics and the Oldman River Dam by Jack Glenn
1999     The limits of labour : class formation and the Labour movement in Calgary, 1883-1929 by David Bright
1998     'As their natural resources fail' : native peoples and the economic history of northern Manitoba, 1870-1930 by Frank Tough

Certificates of Merit in Regional History
1996     In subordination : professional women, 1870-1970 by Mary Kinnear
1995     Arctic artist : the journal and paintings of George Back, midshipman with Franklin, 1819-1822 by I. S. MacLaren and C. Stuart Houston
1994     Firing the heather : the life and times of Nellie McClung by Mary E. Hallett and Marilyn I. Davis; honourable mention: Family, church, and market : a Mennonite community in the Old and the New Worlds, 1850-1930 by Royden Loewen
1993     Muddling through : the remarkable story of the Barr Colonists by Lynn Bowen
1992     A country so interesting : the Hudson's Bay Company and two centuries of mapping, 1670-1870 by Richard I. Ruggles; honourable mention: Animal rights, human rights : ecology, economy and ideology in the Canadian Arctic by George Wenzel
1991     Lost harvests : Prairie Indian reserve farmers and government policy by Sarah Carter
1990     The Social Credit phenomenon in Alberta by Alvin Finkel
1989     Vulcan : the making of a prairie community by Paul Voisey
1985     The Canadian prairies : a history by Gerald Friesen
1984     The Canadian Prairie West and the ranching frontier, 1874-1924 by David H. Breen
1982     The regional decline of a national party : liberals on the prairies by David E. Smith
1981     Winnipeg : a social history of urban growth, 1874-1914 by Alan F. J. Artibise; The harvests of war : the Prairie West, 1914-1918 by John Herd Thompson
1980     Prairie capitalism : power and influence in the New West by John Richards and Larry Pratt