1. Over the past 30 years, technological advances
have reduced the cost of computer chips. How do you think this has affected the
market for computers? For computer software? For typewriters?
Technological advances that reduce the cost
of producing computer chips represent a decline in an input price for producing
a computer. The result is a shift to the right in the supply of computers, as
shown in Figure. The equilibrium price falls and the equilibrium quantity rises,
as the figure shows.
Because computer
software is a complement to computers, the lower equilibrium price of computers
increases the demand for software. As Figure below shows, the result is a rise
in both the equilibrium price and quantity of software.
Because typewriters are substitutes for computers, the lower equilibrium
price of computers reduces the demand for typewriters. As Figure below shows,
the result is a decline in both the equilibrium price and quantity of
typewriters.
2. Using supply-and-demand diagrams, show the effect
of the following events on the market for sweatshirts.
a.
A hurricane in South Carolina damages the cotton
crop.
b.
The price of leather jacket falls.
c.
All colleges require morning exercise in
appropriate attire.
d.
New knitting machines are invented.
a. When a hurricane in
b.
A decline in the price of leather jackets leads more people to buy
leather jackets, reducing the demand for sweatshirts. The result, shown in
Figure, is a decline in both the equilibrium price and quantity of sweatshirts.
c.
The effects of colleges requiring students to engage in morning exercise
in appropriate attire raises the demand for sweatshirts, as shown in Figure. The
result is an increase in both the equilibrium price and quantity of sweatshirts.
d.
The invention of new knitting machines increases the supply of
sweatshirts. As Figure shows, the result is a reduction in the equilibrium price
and an increase in the equilibrium quantity of sweatshirts.
3. The market for pizza has the following demand and
supply schedules:
Price |
Quantity Demanded |
Quantity Supplied |
$4 |
135 pizzas |
26 pizzas |
5 |
104 |
53 |
6 |
81 |
81 |
7 |
68 |
98 |
8 |
53 |
110 |
9 |
39 |
121 |
a.
Graph the demand and supply curves. What is the
equilibrium price and quantity in this market?
b.
If the actual price in the market were
above the equilibrium price, what
would drive the market toward equilibrium?
c.
If the actual price in this market were
below the equilibrium price, what
would drive the market toward the equilibrium?
Quantity supplied equals quantity demanded at a price of $6 and quantity
of 81 pizzas. If the price were greater than $6, quantity supplied would exceed
quantity demanded, so suppliers would reduce the price to gain sales. If the
price were less than $6, quantity demanded would exceed quantity supplied, so
suppliers could raise the price without losing sales. In both cases, the price
would continue to adjust until it reached $6, the only price at which there is
neither a surplus nor a shortage.
4. Because bagels and cream cheese are often eaten
together, they are complements.
a.
We observe that both the equilibrium price of
cream cheese and the equilibrium quantity of bagels have risen. What could be
responsible for this pattern- a fall in the price of flour or a fall in the
price of milk? Illustrate and explain your answer.
b.
Suppose instead that the equilibrium price of
cream cheese has risen but the equilibrium quantity of bagel has fallen. What
could be responsible for this pattern- a rise in the price of flour or a rise in
the price of milk? Illustrate and explain your answer.
a.
Because flour is an ingredient in bagels, a decline in the price of flour
would shift the supply curve for bagels to the right. The result, shown in
Figure, would be a fall in the price of bagels and a rise in the equilibrium
quantity of bagels.
Because cream cheese is a complement to bagels, the fall in the
equilibrium price of bagels increases the demand for cream cheese, as shown in
Figure below. The result is a rise in both the equilibrium price and quantity of
cream cheese. So, a fall in the price of flour indeed raises both the
equilibrium price of cream cheese and the equilibrium quantity of bagels.
What happens if the price of milk falls? Because milk is an ingredient in
cream cheese, the fall in the price of milk leads to an increase in the supply
of cream cheese. This leads to a decrease in the price of cream cheese, rather
than a rise in the price of cream cheese. So a fall in the price of milk could
not have been responsible for the pattern observed.
b.
In part (a), we found that a fall in the price of flour led to a rise in
the price of cream cheese and a rise in the equilibrium quantity of bagels. If
the price of flour rose, the opposite would be true; it would lead to a fall in
the price of cream cheese and a fall in the equilibrium quantity of bagels.
Because the question says the equilibrium price of cream cheese has risen, it
could not have been caused by a rise in the price of flour.
What happens if the
price of milk rises? From part (a), we found that a fall in the price of milk
caused a decline in the price of cream cheese, so a rise in the price of milk
would cause a rise in the price of cream cheese. Because bagels and cream cheese
are complements, the rise in the price of cream cheese would reduce the demand
for bagels, as Figure below shows. The result is a decline in the equilibrium
quantity of bagels. So a rise in the price of milk does cause both a rise in the
price of cream cheese and a decline in the equilibrium quantity of bagels.
5. Suppose that the price of basketball tickets at
your college is determined by market forces. Currently, the demand and supply
schedules are as follows:
Price |
Quantity Demanded |
Quantity Supplied |
$4 |
10,000 tickets |
8,000 tickets |
8 |
8,000 |
8,000 |
12 |
6,000 |
8,000 |
16 |
4,000 |
8,000 |
20 |
2,000 |
8,000 |
a.
Draw the demand and supply curves. What is
unusual about this supply curve? Why might this be true?
b.
What are the equilibrium price and quantity of
tickets?
c.
Your college plans to increase total enrollment
next year by 5,000 students. The additional students will have the following
demand schedule:
Price |
Quantity demanded |
$4 |
4,000 tickets |
8 |
3,000 |
12 |
2,000 |
16 |
1,000 |
20 |
0 |
Now
add the old demand schedule and the demand schedule for the new students to
calculate the new demand schedule for the entire college. What will be the new
equilibrium price and quantity?
a.
As Figure below shows, the supply curve is vertical. The constant
quantity supplied makes sense because the basketball arena has a fixed number of
seats at any price.
b.
Quantity supplied equals quantity demanded at a price of $8. The
equilibrium quantity is 8,000 tickets.
c.
Price |
Quantity
Demanded |
Quantity
Supplied |
$4 |
14,000 |
8,000 |
$8 |
11,000 |
8,000 |
$12 |
8,000 |
8,000 |
$16 |
5,000 |
8,000 |
$20 |
2,000 |
8,000 |
The new equilibrium price will be $12, which equates quantity demanded to
quantity supplied. The equilibrium quantity remains 8,000 tickets.
6. The government has decided the
free-market price of cheese is too low.
a.
Suppose the government imposes a binding price
floor in the cheese market. Draw a supply-and-demand diagram to show the effect
of this policy on the price of cheese and quantity of cheese sold. Is there a
shortage or a surplus of cheese?
b.
Producers of cheese complain that the price floor
has reduced their total revenue. Is this possible? Explain.
c.
In response to the cheese producers’ complaints,
the government agrees to purchase all the surplus cheese at the price floor.
Compared to the basic price floor, who benefits from this new policy? Who loses?
a.
The imposition of a binding price floor in the cheese market is shown in
Figure 4. In the absence of the price floor, the price would be
P1 and the quantity would be
Q1. With the floor set at
Pf, which is greater than
P1, the quantity demanded is
Q2, while quantity supplied is
Q3, so there is a surplus of cheese in the amount
Q3 – Q2.
b.
The farmers’ complaint that their total revenue has declined is correct
if demand is elastic. With elastic demand, the percentage decline in quantity
would exceed the percentage rise in price, so total revenue would decline.
c.
If the government purchases all the surplus cheese at the price floor,
producers benefit and taxpayers lose. Producers would produce quantity
Q3 of cheese, and their total revenue would increase
substantially. However, consumers would buy only quantity
Q2 of cheese, so they are in the same position as before.
Taxpayers lose because they would be financing the purchase of the surplus
cheese through higher taxes.
7. A recent study found that the demand and supply
for Frisbees are as follows:
Price per Frisbee |
Quantity Demanded |
Quantity Supplied |
$11 |
1 million Frisbees |
15 million Frisbees |
10 |
2 |
12 |
9 |
4 |
9 |
8 |
6 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
3 |
6 |
10 |
1 |
a.
What are the equilibrium price and quantity of
Frisbees?
b.
Frisbee manufacturers persuade the government
that Frisbee production improves scientists’ understanding of aerodynamics and
thus is important for national security. A concerned Congress votes to impose a
price floor of $2 above the equilibrium price. What is the new market price? How
many Frisbees are sold?
c.
Irate college students march on Washington and
demand a reduction in the price of Frisbees. An even more concerned Congress
votes to repeal the price floor and impose a price ceiling $1 below the former
price floor. What is the new market price? How many Frisbees are sold?
a. The equilibrium
price of Frisbees is $8 and the equilibrium quantity is six million Frisbees.
b.
With a price floor of $10, the new market price is $10 because the price
floor is binding. At that price, only two million Frisbees are sold, because
that is the quantity demanded.
c.
If there’s a price ceiling of $9, it has no effect, because the market
equilibrium price is $8, which is below the ceiling. So the market price is $8
and the quantity sold is six million Frisbees.
8. Suppose the federal government requires beer
drinkers to pay a $2 tax on each case of beer purchased. (In fact, both federal
and state governments impose beer taxes of some sort.)
a.
Draw a supply-and-demand diagram of the market
for beer without the tax. Show the price paid by consumers, the price received
by producers and the quantity of beer sold. What is the difference between the
price paid by consumers and the price received by producers?
b.
Now draw a supply-and-demand diagram for the beer
market with the tax. Show the price paid by consumers, the price received by
producers and the quantity of beer sold. What is the difference between the
price paid by consumers and the price received by producers? Has the quantity of
beer sold increased or decreased?
a.
Figure below shows the market for beer without the tax. The equilibrium
price is P1 and the
equilibrium quantity is Q1.
The price paid by consumers is the same as the price received by producers.
b.
When the tax is imposed, it drives a wedge of $2 between supply and
demand, as shown in Figure 6. The price paid by consumers is
P2, while the price received by producers is
P2 – $2. The quantity of beer sold declines to
Q2.
9.Explain how buyer’s willingness to pay, consumer surplus
and the demand curve are related.
The price a buyer is willing to pay,
consumer surplus, and the demand curve are all closely related. The
height of the demand curve represents the willingness to pay of the buyers.
Consumer surplus is the area below the demand curve and above the price, which
equals the price that each buyer is willing to pay minus the price actually
paid.
10. Explain how seller’s costs, producer surplus, and
the supply curve are related.
Sellers' costs, producer surplus, and the supply curve are all closely
related. The height of the supply curve represents the costs of the sellers.
Producer surplus is the area below the price and above the supply curve, which
equals the price received minus each seller's costs of producing the good.
11. In a supply-and-demand diagram, show producer and
consumer surplus in the market equilibrium.
12. What is efficiency? Is it the only goal of
economic policymakers?
An allocation of resources is efficient if
it maximizes total surplus, the sum of consumer surplus and producer surplus.
But efficiency may not be the only goal of economic policymakers; they may also
be concerned about equity¾the
fairness of the distribution of well-being.
13. Name two types of market failure. Explain why
each may cause market outcomes to be inefficient .
Two types of market failure are market
power and externalities. Market power may cause market outcomes to be
inefficient because firms may cause price and quantity to differ from the levels
they would be under perfect competition, which keeps total surplus from being
maximized. Externalities are side effects that are not taken into account by
buyers and sellers. As a result, the free market does not maximize total
surplus.