Introduction to Verbs and Verb Phrases
     Reference
Verb Tenses
       Meanings
       References
Imperatives, Modals and Conditionals
       Imperative References
       Modal References
       Conditional References
 

Verbs

Modal Verbs

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Modal Verbs

Modal verbs help speakers tell their feelings (moods) about certain activities. One speaker can think a certain activity is a necessity, while another might feel it is simply a good idea, and a third might see the same activity as an option. Think of children whose parents have told them to clean their room: not all children feel the same level of compulsion about the task, and one might say "We must clean our room," showing he/she has developed a sense of obligation, requirement or necessity to obey the parent. A second can respond with "Yes, we should clean the room," which shows a lower level of compulsion; now it's a really good idea, an advisable thing to do, but not absolutely required. The third child may say "Yes, we could clean the room, or we could finish playing this game of Monopoly first," showing the third child sees the activity of cleaning the room one available option among others at the present time.

Meaning
Affirmative
Negative
Past

Requirement

Must, Need to, Have to, Have got to

Needn’t, Don’t have to

Needed to, Had to, Didn’t need to, Didn’t have to

Warning Had better Had better not  
Prohibition   Mustn’t  
Advisability Should, Ought to Shouldn’t, Ought not to Should have, Shouldn’t have
Ability Can Can’t

Could, Couldn’t, Was able to, Wasn’t able to

Possibility

May, Might, Could (future)

May not, Might not, Couldn’t (future)

May have, May not have, Might have, Might not have, Could have, Couldn’t have

Logical Conclusion Must Must not Must have, Must not have
Permission May (you), Can May not (you), Can’t Could, Couldn’t
Preferences

Would rather

Would rather not

Would have rather, would rather have,

 

Meaning
I
You
Polite Question: asking for permission Can I, Could I, May I  
Polite Question: asking for help   Can you, Could you, Will you, Would you